If you’re looking to add a touch of desert beauty to your landscape, a museum palo verde tree could be the perfect choice. Known for its stunning green bark and vibrant yellow flow...This is your museum! Welcome. There are many reasons to come to PEM. Sometimes, looking at a work of art with someone special by your side is all the motivation you need. Sitting in the light ...PEM’s parent organizations, the Essex Institute and the Peabody Museum, acquired at least one historic structure in nearly every decade of the 20th century. These structures and gardens span four centuries of the American experience, from first European colonization to the industrial era. Together, they form the largest …The Yale Peabody Museum aims to support learners of all ages. From school field trips to community outreach, to public lectures and workshops, we aim to create ...The Yale Peabody Museum’s Natural Science Illustration Program provides opportunities to learn a wide range of art techniques focusing on nature and natural science illustration. Whether you are a beginner or professional, our skilled and certified instructors provide personalized support in small classes to help you develop your abilities ...Convenient and free visitor parking can be found in Lot 22, adjacent to the museum.Space is limited. Paid parking is also available at the following locations: Chapel/York Garage: 150 York Street (accessible via blue line shuttle to Peabody); Grove Street Garage: 63 Grove Street (12-minute walk away); Audubon Garage: …Abstract. The case describes the 25-year transformation of Peabody Essex Museum, which was created in 1993 by the merger of two sub-scale predecessor cultural institutions, operating since 1799, in Salem, Massachusetts. Dan Monroe, its founding CEO, began a process of building the institution, which, when he arrived, had a budget of $3 million ... Ropes Mansion Garden. Located at 318 Essex Street (a 10-minute walk from PEM), the Ropes Mansion garden blooms with plant life that’s as appealing to bees and butterflies as it is to visitors. Designed by Salem botanist and horticulturist John Robinson in 1912, the one-acre Colonial Revival garden welcomes thousands of visitors each year. A Classy Museum Proposal. When it came time to make the proposal plans, Arjun asked me to ask Oneda to do a photo shoot at The Peabody Essex Museum. She was ...Dan Monroe has overseen a period of impressive growth during a 25-year tenure. Lane Turner/Globe Staff. Dan Monroe, the forward-thinking chief executive of the Peabody Essex Museum for the past 25 ...Jul 5, 2018 ... Time Out says. Less than 20 miles north of Boston in Salem, the Peabody Essex Museum is home to one of the largest art collections in New ...Written by Susan Tan and illustrated by Justine Wong, Piece by Piece is published by PEM and Six Foot Press. Susan Tan wanted to become a children’s book writer since the eighth grade. Her love for art and storytelling stems from her grandmother, an art historian. Tan is the author of Cilla Lee-Jenkins: Future Author …Museum Palo Verde trees, also known as Cercidium microphyllum, are a popular choice for landscaping due to their striking appearance and unique characteristics. One of the most not... Spanning more than 10,000 years of Indigenous visual expression in the Americas, these works cross boundaries of region, period and medium, and emphasize the continuum of creativity and character of change that undergird Native American art. This distinguished collection is a vital testament to thousands of individual artists from hundreds of ... This museum-wide staff group meets regularly to share information, discuss new opportunities and propose ideas to help make PEM a more sustainable and climate-forward institution. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. Closed. Wednesday. …Book tours and tickets to experience Peabody Essex Museum (PEM). Reserve a ticket for your trip to Salem today. Free cancellation and payment options ...Jacob Lawrence: The American Struggle is organized by the Peabody Essex Museum. This project is supported in part by the National Endowment for the Arts. To find out more about how National Endowment for the Arts grants impact individuals and communities, visit arts.gov. Carolyn and Peter S. Lynch and The Lynch Foundation, …With significant holdings of everyday objects from life in 19th-century Japan complemented by examples of more traditional fine arts, the museum’s Japanese collection is distinguished by its range, from paintings and sculpture to decorative arts, costumes and textiles. Spanning Hokkaido in the North to Okinawa in the South, and prehistoric ...The Peabody Essex Museum is a renowned museum situated in the city of Salem, Massachusetts, in the United States. It is a significant cultural institution that offers a wide range of collections and exhibits for visitors to explore. The museum's location in Salem, a city known for its rich history and cultural heritage, adds to its appeal …Additional support was provided by individuals who support the Exhibition Incubation Fund: Jennifer and Andrew Borggaard, James B. and Mary Lou Hawkes, Kate and Ford O'Neil, and Henry and Callie Brauer. We also recognize the generosity of the East India Marine Associates of the Peabody Essex Museum. Media PartnersTo care for a Desert Museum palo verde tree, plant the cutting in a sunny area with well-drained soil, water the tree periodically, and prune the tree to a beautiful shape in the s...May 24, 2023 ... The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, wants to hire a New England art student for its new TikTok Creator-in-Residence program.In western museums Africans continue to be depicted as warrior tribes, with superstitious beliefs, and homogenous, unchanging cultures A large number of artifacts held in Western m...The Excitement of the Peabody Essex Museum Salem. Peabody Essex Museum Salem, a hidden gem in the heart of Salem, Massachusetts, is a place where art, culture, and history cross paths. The museum's diverse collections span centuries, continents, and cultures, thrilling visitors with engaging exhibits that shed light on the wonders of our world. The Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) holds one of the world’s most important collections of objects and architecture related to the Salem Witch Trials. From 1980 to 2023, PEM’s Phillips Library was the temporary repository of the state’s Supreme Judicial Court collection of witch trial documents. The museum’s collection currently includes paper materials produced by George Peabody and objects and materials relating to his philanthropic endeavors and legacy. George Peabody was one of the first American philanthropist, donating millions of dollars for worthy causes before his death in 1869. The goal of the George Peabody House Museum ...Journey through New England’s grand and storied past at the stunning Peabody Essex Museum in historic Salem, MA, just 16 miles north of Boston. Explore the region’s connections to the art and culture of China, Japan, India and beyond, view original Witch Trial artifacts, and don’t miss Yin Yu Tang, a 200 year-old Chinese house. Admission ...The original prints are in the Peabody Essex Museum which was founded in 1799 by a group of captains and their supercargoes who lived in the Essex, Massachusetts area. The adventurous seafarers traveled around the world, assembling a large and unusual group of objects, which forms the basis of the museum.The museum says that in her previous positions as PEM’s chief curator from 2003 to 2016 and deputy director from 2016 to 2020, Hartigan led an ambitious curatorial and exhibition programme and ...Over the last 20 years, the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) has distinguished itself as one of the fastest-growing art museums in North America. Founded in 1799, it is also the country’s oldest continuously operating museum. At its heart is a mission to enrich and transform people's lives by broadening their perspectives, attitudes, and …The four PEM FORWARD initiatives are: 1. Invest in our Collective Future. Includes opportunities to endow and support critical curatorial and staff positions. 2. Inspire through our Exhibitions and Programs. Includes opportunities to support programming areas such as the Exhibition Innovation Fund and internships.The beautiful Peabody Essex Museum, in Salem, Massachusetts, is one of the region’s most exquisite settings for your special event. Whether you’re planning a corporate banquet, a wedding or a gathering for close friends and family, the museum offers a beautiful space that is perfectly suited for creating memorable …The Peabody Essex Museum is one of the nation’s most dynamic art museums encompasses and operates over 500,000 square feet of gallery and public space, including 26,000 square feet of exhibition galleries and 55,000 square feet of galleries devoted to collection installations and interpretation. We are currently seeking an …Bolearka, Korosten. ( { {PAGENAME}}) / 50.88944°N 28.83194°E. Bolearka (în ucraineană Болярка) este un sat în comuna Stremîhorod din raionul Korosten, regiunea …In 2001, the transformative gift of the Chester and Davida Herwitz collection of 20th-century Indian art established PEM as the first museum outside of India to focus on the achievements of the country’s modern artists, including painters already well established in India such as M.F. Husain and Tyeb Mehta, as well as Atul Dodiya …Nov 8, 2022 ... Dr. Jeffrey Richmond-Moll appointed George Putnam Curator of American Art Dr. Jeffrey Richmond-Moll has joined PEM as its George Putnam ...Yin Yu Tang, a late Qing dynasty merchants' home was originally located in southeastern China and re-erected at the Peabody Essex Museum. Yin Yu Tang opens to the public in June 2003. Explore the house to discover this rare example of the region's renowned architecture and to learn about the daily life of the Huang …The nation’s first global entrepreneurs founded the Peabody Essex Museum in 1799 with a bold vision to collect and share objects of art and culture from their travels. Do you own a company and want to get more involved in your local community? PEM’s Corporate membership gives your employees and clients the opportunity to …The nation’s first global entrepreneurs founded the Peabody Essex Museum in 1799 with a bold vision to collect and share objects of art and culture from their travels. Do you own a company and want to get more involved in your local community? PEM’s Corporate membership gives your employees and clients the opportunity to …Ropes Mansion & Garden. 318 Essex Street. View on Google maps. Ropes Garden is open all year. Self-guided house tours will resume on weekends in May 2024. Listen now to the PEM Walks episode about this property! Behind-the-scenes audio storytelling that unlocks PEM’s historic houses.The Peabody Museum is an anthropology museum, meaning the collections are related to the lives of people from around the globe, both past and present. In 1866, philanthropist George Peabody committed funding that led to the creation of the Peabody Museum, a place for the study of anthropology, which was a new academic discipline at that time. ... Peabody Essex Museum, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. General Inquiries. [email protected] 978-745-9500. Department Contacts. Admissions Desk 978-542-1540. Sally Mann: A Thousand Crossings is organized by the Peabody Essex Museum and the National Gallery of Art, Washington. The exhibition is made possible through a grant from The Robert Mapplethorpe Foundation, New York, and an important contribution from Susan Whitehead. Hunt’s Photo & Video and Canon U.S.A. are the …Rooted in historic holdings that celebrate the rich, diverse artistic and cultural heritage of Essex County, Massachusetts, the collection has continued to grow to embrace a broader representation of the art of this country. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm ...We also recognize the generosity of the East India Marine Associates of the Peabody Essex Museum. Follow along on social media using #EachOtheratPEM. The exhibition features labels in English and Spanish. As part of PEM’s Bilingual Initiative, these translations strive to engage multicultural … Call 978-542-1644 for more information. Store your belongings, but keep your coat. Yin Yu Tang is partially outdoors and may be cool in fall and winter. Strollers, bags, backpacks and umbrellas are not permitted in the house. Please leave them at the coatroom or the cubbies by the Information desk. The Peabody Essex Museum was originally called the East India Marine Society. The Museum began in 1799 as an organization of Salem mariners who had sailed ...The Peabody Essex Museum is located in Salem, Massachusetts. It was founded as the East India Marine Society in 1799 by a group of sea captains who wanted ...PEM celebrates artistic and cultural creativity by collecting, stewarding and interpreting objects of art and culture. Learn about the museum's history, mission, leadership, curators, exhibitions, events and membership.In a series of portraits of modern-day witches, now on display as part of the exhibit “ The Salem Witch Trials: Reckoning and Reclaiming ” at the Peabody Essex Museum through March 20, Denny ... Japanese Woman at Her Toilette, about 1880. Kusakabe Kimbei (1841–1934, Japan) Treasury Street, Canton, 1860. Felice Beato (1832–1909, United Kingdom, born in Italy) Scrimshaw Carver, about 1890. Artist in the United States. ON VIEW. View of the Beach, The Mangrove Coast, Florida, 1941. Aug 18, 2018 · Curator for Empresses of China's Forbidden City, Daisy Yiyou Wang, describes who China's empresses were and how they shaped its last dynasty. This exhibition runs from August 18, 2018 to February 10, 2019 and is organized by PEM; Freer Gallery of Art and Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; and the Palace Museum ... Explore a 200-year-old Chinese house, disassembled in Anhui Province and reconstructed brick by brick in Salem. Learn more. Events at the Peabody Exxes Museum.Ethiopia at the Crossroads is co-organized by the Peabody Essex Museum, the Walters Art Museum and the Toledo Museum of Art. The exhibition is made possible by a grant from the Institute of Museum and Library Services (MA-253352-OMS-23) and two major grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities: Democracy demands wisdom.Peabody Essex Museum is proud to be a partner of the MassFashion Collaborative. Read more. Hide. Curator interview. Curator for Empresses of China's Forbidden City, Daisy Yiyou Wang, describes who China's empresses were and how they shaped its last dynasty. This exhibition runs from August 18, 2018 to February 10, 2019 …The county of Essex in the United Kingdom borders the city of London. As the two areas border one another, there is no absolute distance between the two. Essex sits directly southw... Call 978-542-1644 for more information. Store your belongings, but keep your coat. Yin Yu Tang is partially outdoors and may be cool in fall and winter. Strollers, bags, backpacks and umbrellas are not permitted in the house. Please leave them at the coatroom or the cubbies by the Information desk. Over the last 20 years, the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) has distinguished itself as one of the fastest-growing art museums in North America. Founded in 1799, it is also the country’s oldest continuously operating museum. At its heart is a mission to enrich and transform people's lives by broadening their perspectives, attitudes, and …One of the earliest collections of Korean art and culture in an American museum, PEM’s collection is dominated by works from the late Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. Closed. Wednesday. Closed. Thursday. 10 am–5 ...The original prints are in the Peabody Essex Museum which was founded in 1799 by a group of captains and their supercargoes who lived in the Essex, Massachusetts area. The adventurous seafarers traveled around the world, assembling a large and unusual group of objects, which forms the basis of the museum.Oct 21, 2014 ... This past Friday, The Umbrella staff took a break from our desks and ventured up to Salem. We drove through the brilliant fall foliage on ...Position Summary The Director of Learning and Civic Engagement DLCE is a member of the Executive Leadership Team which is responsible for developing the overarching strategy of the institution in collaboration with the Board of Trustees Reporting to the Executive Director and CEO the DLCE will be a spokesperson …Alexis Rockman: Shipwrecks is organized by Guild Hall of East Hampton, N.Y. and presented by the Peabody Essex Museum. The exhibition is made possible by the Nancy B. Tieken Memorial Fund and supporters of the Present Tense Initiative, including The Jeffrey P. Beale Fund for Contemporary Art and …The original prints are in the Peabody Essex Museum which was founded in 1799 by a group of captains and their supercargoes who lived in the Essex, Massachusetts area. The adventurous seafarers traveled around the world, assembling a large and unusual group of objects, which forms the basis of the museum.One of the earliest collections of Korean art and culture in an American museum, PEM’s collection is dominated by works from the late Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910). ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. Closed. Wednesday. Closed. Thursday. 10 am–5 ... Ropes Mansion & Garden. 318 Essex Street. View on Google maps. Ropes Garden is open all year. Self-guided house tours will resume on weekends in May 2024. Listen now to the PEM Walks episode about this property! Behind-the-scenes audio storytelling that unlocks PEM’s historic houses. The museum palo verde tree is a stunning addition to any landscape. With its unique green bark and vibrant yellow flowers, it creates a visual spectacle that is hard to ignore. One...The Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame is a hidden gem nestled in the beautiful town of Jamestown, New York. This museum is dedicated to preserving and honoring the rich sports history...Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500The museum’s collection currently includes paper materials produced by George Peabody and objects and materials relating to his philanthropic endeavors and legacy. George Peabody was one of the first American philanthropist, donating millions of dollars for worthy causes before his death in 1869. The goal of the George Peabody House Museum ...Peabody Essex Museum, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. General Inquiries. [email protected] 978-745-9500. Department Contacts. Admissions Desk 978-542-1540.This museum-wide staff group meets regularly to share information, discuss new opportunities and propose ideas to help make PEM a more sustainable and climate-forward institution. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. Closed. Wednesday. …Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500This project at the Peabody Essex Museum adds a 50000 sq. ft. expansion to one of the top 25 art museums in the United States.Nov 22, 2020 ... The origins of The Peabody Essex Museum date back to the foundation of the East India Marine Society in 1799. It is an association of sea ...You're Invited! BizBash editors search the globe to deliver ideas, inspiration, and the hottest industry events directly to your inbox.Dec 30, 2019 · December 30, 2019. In September 2019 the Peabody Essex Museum launched into a new era when it opened a new wing that features 40,000 square feet of gallery space spread over three floors and a beautiful new garden. The wing, which was designed by Ennead Architects, is the new home to the PEM’s extensive Maritime Art, Asian Export Art, and ... Opened in 1799—and then called the East India Marine Society—Salem's Peabody Essex Museum (PEM is one of the oldest continuously-operating museums in the US. The museum's sizable collection makes it one of the region's largest art institutions. Holdings include curios from mariners traveling the globe, plus historic …Over the last 20 years, the Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) has distinguished itself as one of the fastest-growing art museums in North America. Founded in 1799, it is also the country's oldest continuously operating museum. At its … Have you dreamed about working in a museum? View open positions and internships today. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970 ... Looking for museum-inspired activities that you can do at home? You came to the right place! ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA ... 2 The Photography Collection Of The Peabody Essex Museum. One of the many free things to do in Salem is to explore the most important collections of photography in New England - with more than 500,000 photographic images. The collection spans the history of photography, from early daguerreotypes to contemporary digital prints.At the Peabody Essex Museum, we create extraordinary, one-of-a-kind experiences for your guests, surrounded by a backdrop of word-class art and stunning architecture. Located in the heart of vibrant downtown Salem, we hold the distinction of being the oldest continuously operating museum in the country. From intimate …The Yale Peabody Museum’s Natural Science Illustration Program provides opportunities to learn a wide range of art techniques focusing on nature and natural science illustration. Whether you are a beginner or professional, our skilled and certified instructors provide personalized support in small classes to help you develop your abilities ...Explore the museum’s vast collections and changing exhibitions, ranging from modern art to photography to Asian art and culture. The museum campus features numerous parks, period gardens, and 24 historic …Peabody Essex Museum. Photo by Walter Silver. Thomas Seymour, Dressing chest, about 1810. Mahogany, bird's-eye maple, satinwood veneer, brass, and glass. Gift of Miriam and Francis Shaw Jr., 1935. 122350. Courtesy of the Peabody Essex Museum. Tompkins Harrison Matteson, Trial of George Jacobs, August 5, 1692. Oil on canvas.The Chautauqua Sports Hall of Fame is a hidden gem nestled in the beautiful town of Jamestown, New York. This museum is dedicated to preserving and honoring the rich sports history...The Metropolitan Museum of Art, located in New York City, is one of the largest and most comprehensive art museums in the world. It houses over 2 million works of art from ancient ...May 24, 2023 ... The Peabody Essex Museum in Salem, Massachusetts, wants to hire a New England art student for its new TikTok Creator-in-Residence program.This is your museum! Welcome. There are many reasons to come to PEM. Sometimes, looking at a work of art with someone special by your side is all the motivation you need. Sitting in the light ...Ucraineană (98%) Rusă (2%) Conform recensământului din 2001, majoritatea populației localității Horbaci era vorbitoare de ucraineană (98%), existând în minoritate și vorbitori …
Museum Palo Verde trees, also known as Cercidium microphyllum, are a popular choice for landscaping due to their striking appearance and unique characteristics. One of the most not.... Race track cerca de mi
You're Invited! BizBash editors search the globe to deliver ideas, inspiration, and the hottest industry events directly to your inbox.Check out our museum-inspired activities that you can do at home! Featuring video tutorials from our Education team. ... Stay up to date. Enter your email to sign up for our newsletter. Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. Closed. Wednesday. Closed ...In a series of portraits of modern-day witches, now on display as part of the exhibit “ The Salem Witch Trials: Reckoning and Reclaiming ” at the Peabody Essex Museum through March 20, Denny ...Museum Campaign Reaches New Milestone With More Than $600M Raised to Date Public Invited to an Open House Celebration on July 14th. SALEM, MA – The Peabody Essex Museum (PEM) announces the opening of its new state-of-the-art 120,000-square-foot Collection Center in Rowley, Massachusetts.The new Collection Center unifies, …The historic collections of the East India Marine Society and the Essex Institute include important works from China, Japan and India, a vestige of Salem’s intensive trade with Asian ports in the early 19th century. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm ... Predictably, the Peabody Essex is particularly strong on Asian art, including pieces from China, Japan, Polynesia, Micronesia and Melanesia. The collection from preindustrial Japan is rated as the best in the world. Yin Yu Tang is a Chinese house that was shipped to the museum from China's southeastern Huizhou region. Ropes Mansion Garden. Located at 318 Essex Street (a 10-minute walk from PEM), the Ropes Mansion garden blooms with plant life that’s as appealing to bees and butterflies as it is to visitors. Designed by Salem botanist and horticulturist John Robinson in 1912, the one-acre Colonial Revival garden welcomes thousands of visitors each year. Ropes Mansion & Garden. 318 Essex Street. View on Google maps. Ropes Garden is open all year. Self-guided house tours will resume on weekends in May 2024. Listen now to the PEM Walks episode about this property! Behind-the-scenes audio storytelling that unlocks PEM’s historic houses. The Yale Peabody Museum’s Natural Science Illustration Program provides opportunities to learn a wide range of art techniques focusing on nature and natural science illustration. Whether you are a beginner or professional, our skilled and certified instructors provide personalized support in small classes to help you develop your abilities ... Dan Monroe has overseen a period of impressive growth during a 25-year tenure. Lane Turner/Globe Staff. Dan Monroe, the forward-thinking chief executive of the Peabody Essex Museum for the past 25 ...The Peabody Essex Museum was originally called the East India Marine Society. The Museum began in 1799 as an organization of Salem mariners who had sailed ...In 2019, the museum accepted a transformational gift of more than 1,600 works of photography from the Joy of Giving Something, Inc., a nonprofit foundation formed by the financier and collector Howard Stein. ... Peabody Essex Museum. East India Square, 161 Essex Street, Salem, MA 01970. 978-745-9500. Hours. Monday. 10 am–5 pm. Tuesday. …You're Invited! BizBash editors search the globe to deliver ideas, inspiration, and the hottest industry events directly to your inbox. Journey through New England’s grand and storied past at the stunning Peabody Essex Museum in historic Salem, MA, just 16 miles north of Boston. Explore the region’s connections to the art and culture of China, Japan, India and beyond, view original Witch Trial artifacts, and don’t miss Yin Yu Tang, a 200 year-old Chinese house. Admission ... Featured Online Exhibition. Wampanoag tribal members reflect on collections spanning the seventeenth to twentieth centuries and stewarded by the Peabody Museum. Listen in as they share memories, thoughts, and reflections about collection items made by their ancestors and relatives and learn how Wampanoag life and culture continues to flourish ... Call 978-542-1644 for more information. Store your belongings, but keep your coat. Yin Yu Tang is partially outdoors and may be cool in fall and winter. Strollers, bags, backpacks and umbrellas are not permitted in the house. Please leave them at the coatroom or the cubbies by the Information desk. If you’re looking to add a touch of desert beauty to your landscape, a museum palo verde tree could be the perfect choice. Known for its stunning green bark and vibrant yellow flow...PEM’s parent organizations, the Essex Institute and the Peabody Museum, acquired at least one historic structure in nearly every decade of the 20th century. These structures and gardens span four centuries of the American experience, from first European colonization to the industrial era. Together, they form the largest ….