According to BBC, “mechanical motion” is defined as one of the four different motion types in mechanical systems. They are rotary motion, linear motion, reciprocating motion and os...Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 12 governs federal motions to dismiss. A defendant making a motion to dismiss must do so before filing an answer or other responsive pleading, and the motion is generally due when the defendant's answer would have been due (see FRCP 12(b)). Defendants may move to dismiss on the following grounds:courts (the trial courts of the federal court system) and the major procedural and practical considerations counsel face during a lawsuit's early stages. It covers the steps from filing a complaint ... as a motion to dismiss, a motion for a more definite statement or a motion to strike (FRCP 12(b), (e) and (f)). After all of the pleadings Notice of Motion (Federal) Summary. This template is a notice of motion that can be used to make a motion in federal district court case. It includes drafting notes. A notice of motion is a short document that provides notice to all litigants that you are seeking particular relief from a specific judge on a set date. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a). Join Motion Apply for a Loan Locations & ATMs Routing #221276480 908.862.6966 Home Borrow Money Apply for a Loan Auto Loans Recreational Vehicle/Boat Loans Personal Loans Vacation & Holiday Loans Share/Stock Secured Loans Education Loans Customized Loans Credit Cruncher Loan Loan Calculators Mortgages & Home Equity Loan Rates Who is your PPC (Prospective parliamentary Candidate) for your constituency? A full directory of our assigned PPCs across England, Scotland & Wales using new …Federal Left Hand Drive Stance Motion Freecoaster Wheel With Guards And Butted Spokes - Black 9 Tooth A high quality, pre-laced rear wheel, created by an ensemble of aftermarket products. Federal's Motion Freecoaster is made using a 6061-T6 Aluminium Alloy shell and heat-treated hollow Chromoly axle. This hub featuresThe pleadings in a criminal proceeding are the indictment, the information, and the pleas of not guilty, guilty, and nolo contendere. (b) Pretrial Motions. (1) In General. A party may raise by pretrial motion any defense, objection, or request that the court can determine without a trial on the merits. Rule 47 applies to a pretrial motion.5K1.1. Substantial Assistance to Authorities. Upon motion of the government stating that the defendant has provided substantial assistance in the investigation or prosecution of another person who has committed an offense, the court may depart from the guidelines. (a) The appropriate reduction shall be determined by the court for reasons …Motion Federal Credit Union, at 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale New Jersey, is more than just a financial institution; Motion is a community-driven organization committed to providing members with personalized financial solutions. Founded in 1934, Motion has grown alongside the members, offering a range of services designed to meet every need.The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (pdf) govern civil proceedings in the United States district courts. Their purpose is "to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding." Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. The rules were first adopted by order of the Supreme Court on December 20, 1937, transmitted to Congress on January 3, 1938, and effectiveAny affidavit supporting a motion must be served with the motion. Except as Rule 59 (c) provides otherwise, any opposing affidavit must be served at least 7 days before the hearing, unless the court permits service at another time. FRCP 6 (c) (2). See District of South Carolina SmartRules™ procedural guide: DECLARATIONS. iPhone Screenshots. Access your accounts while in “Motion” anytime from your mobile device with the Motion Mobile Banking app. We make it easy and convenient for you to enjoy the benefits of banking while on the go. Motion Mobile Banking is available for devices using Apple iOS. A motion for leave is a formal request to a court asking for permission to do something that requires the court's approval. This could involve extending a deadline, amending a complaint, or introducing new evidence. The motion outlines the reasons for the request and why it should be granted. It's a procedural step that ensures fairness …Debunking The Perpetual Motion Myth: What is zero-point energy? Keep reading to learn about perpetual motion and zero point energy. Advertisement Imagine an energy source that was ...To start a matter you need to prepare an application form and any other documents required by the Federal Court Rules (see Division 8.1 of the Rules ). The application form you use will depend on the type of matter you want to start however, many applications are commenced by using Form 15 – Originating Application.to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b), and; to involuntarily dismiss an action under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). (B) If filed, a reply brief supporting such a motion must be filed within 14 days after service of the response, but not less than 3 days before the motion hearing. (f) Hearing on Motions.A motion for sanctions must be made separately from any other motion and must describe the specific conduct that allegedly violates Rule 11 (b). The motion must be served under Rule 5, but it must not be filed or be presented to the court if the challenged paper, claim, defense, contention, or denial is withdrawn or appropriately corrected ...Motion to Dismiss. A procedural device that enables defendants to try to dispose of some or all of a plaintiff's claims at the beginning of a case. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (FRCP) 12 Opens in a new window governs federal motions to dismiss. A defendant making a motion to dismiss must do so before filing an answer or other responsive ...First, a party can show that he or she is likely to succeed on the merits, that he or she is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of equities tips in his or her favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest. Alliance For The Wild Rockies v. Pena, 865 F.3d 1211, 1217 (9th Cir. 2017).The pleadings in a criminal proceeding are the indictment, the information, and the pleas of not guilty, guilty, and nolo contendere. (b) Pretrial Motions. (1) In General. A party may raise by pretrial motion any defense, objection, or request that the court can determine without a trial on the merits. Rule 47 applies to a pretrial motion.Contact Us. MOTION MAIN NUMBER. MAILING ADDRESS. MORTGAGE CENTER. OVERNIGHT SHIPPING ADDRESS. LOST OR STOLEN CARDS. Their purpose is "to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of every action and proceeding." Fed. R. Civ. P. 1. The rules were first adopted by order of the Supreme Court on December 20, 1937, transmitted to Congress on January 3, 1938, and effective September 16, 1938. The Civil Rules were last amended in 2023. Page 2 of 5 Motion FCU Rev: 08/2017 Motion Federal Credit Union INTERNATIONAL Outgoing Wire Transfer Instructions and Processing Time: Motion FCU can originate international wire transfers in either U.S. dollars or foreign currencies. International wire transfers can only be originated during banking hours, MondayMotion Federal Credit Union, Linden, New Jersey. 140 likes · 2 talking about this · 14 were here. Moving Dreams Forward since 1934. We are the 14th oldest federally chartered …Rule 17. Subpoena. (a) Content. A subpoena must state the court's name and the title of the proceeding, include the seal of the court, and command the witness to attend and testify at the time and place the subpoena specifies. The clerk must issue a blank subpoena—signed and sealed—to the party requesting it, and that party must fill in the ... Notice of Motion (Federal) Summary. This template is a notice of motion that can be used to make a motion in federal district court case. It includes drafting notes. A notice of motion is a short document that provides notice to all litigants that you are seeking particular relief from a specific judge on a set date. Fed. R. Civ. P. 7(a). Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction; without jurisdiction conferred by statute, they lack the power to adjudicate claims. 1 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 (b) (1) challenges a federal court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. 2 Under Rule 12 (b) (1), “ [a] case is properly dismissed for lack of ...Energy of motion is the energy an object possesses due to its motion, which is also called kinetic energy. This means that the object, which has energy of motion, can do work on an...Leviton's IPS02 Occupancy Sensor Switch automatically turns the lights on when you enter a room and off when you leave. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All ...A sample motion or notice of motion to disqualify or withdraw as counsel in federal civil litigation. This Standard Document contains integrated drafting notes with important explanations and tips for drafting the caption, the body of the motion or notice of motion, the signature block, and proof of service. It should be used in conjunction with Standard Documents, Motion to Disqualify or ...Potter County has asked a federal court to dismiss a lawsuit filed after an inmate died from a ruptured appendix in 2022 after the jail allegedly withheld medical … the motion will be marked ready for decision by the judge. It generally must be at least fifteen business days after you have served the defendants with the motion papers (at least (5) business days for discovery motions). See Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Attached are two sets of forms for making a motion. There are many examples of linear motion in everyday life, such as when an athlete runs along a straight track. Linear motion is the most basic of all motions and is a common part ...The time for making motions under Rules 50, 52, and 59, however, was later extended to 28 days, leaving an apparent gap between expiration of the automatic stay and any of those motions (or a Rule 60 motion) made more than 14 days after entry of judgment.Motion Federal North Brunswick is located at 1380 Jersey Avenue, North Brunswick, NJ 08902. Contact Motion at (908) 862-6966. Access Motion Federal Login, North Brunswick hours, contact details, financials, and additional member resources. Locations (6) 12.70%. Max $20,000. 1 Rates are determined by your personal credit history and payment method, so your rate may differ. APR = Annual Percentage Rate.Rates subject to change at any time. Other restrictions & details may apply. 2 Rates include 0.25% reduction for automatic payments made from your Motion account. This motion can be used in a criminal case only to reverse a guilty verdict; not guilty verdicts are immune to reversal by the court. Under Rule 50, Federal ...Discover how innovations are moving the economy forward in Brazil, China, India, and beyond. Powered by @generalelectric, created by Quartz Marketing Our free, fast, and fun briefi...Call the appointment scheduling line for the Federal Pro Se Program: 408-297-1480. Monday to Thursday 9:00 am - 12:00 pm, drop in at The Law Foundation of Silicon Valley, 152 North 3rd St., 3rd Floor, San Jose Monday to Thursday 1:00 pm - 4:00 pm, drop in at 280 South 1st Street, 2nd Floor, Room 2070, San Jose.Seldom do new apartments come with enough lighting built-in. If you need a bit more light in certain corners of your home, the Mr. Beams motion sensing LEDs are a great solution. S...Motion Federal Credit Union, at 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale New Jersey, is more than just a financial institution; Motion is a community-driven organization committed to providing members with personalized financial solutions. Founded in 1934, Motion has grown alongside the members, offering a range of services designed to meet every need.1 hour ago · Potter County has asked a federal court to dismiss a lawsuit filed after an inmate died from a ruptured appendix in 2022 after the jail allegedly withheld medical treatment. On Feb. 14, 2024, the ... 1. A motion in the court that rendered the judgment. 2. An independent action to set the judgment aside brought in the same court or a different court. Our concern here is with independent action of the kind brought in the federal courts. Federal Rule 601 was amended radically in The defendant is still required to file motions under Rules 29, 33, and 34 within the seven-day period specified in those rules. The defendant, however, may consistently with Rule 45, seek an extension of time to file the underlying motion as long as the defendant does so within the seven-day period. But the court itself is not required to act ... Need a motion graphics company in Kyiv? Read reviews & compare projects by leading motion graphics studios. Find a company today! Development Most Popular Emerging Tech Development... Case Management/Electronic Case Files (CM/ECF) is the federal Judiciary's system that allows case documents, such as pleadings, motions, and petitions, to be filed with the court online. CM/ECF is most often used by attorneys in cases, U.S. Trustees, and bankruptcy trustees. Some courts permit bankruptcy claimants and pro se litigants to file ... Motion to Vacate/Set Aside Sentence (Motion Under 28 U.S.C. § 2255) Civil Forms : AO 398 : Notice of a Lawsuit and Request to Waive Service of a Summons: Notice of Lawsuit, Summons, Subpoena ... This site is maintained by the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts on behalf of the Federal Judiciary. The purpose of this site is to provide ...Foreign Policy Group, LLC, 783 F.3d 1328 (D.C. Cir. 2015). Reversing a district court’s grant of an anti-SLAPP motion in a defamation case, the D.C. Circuit held that state law anti-SLAPP statutes are precluded by Federal Rules 12 (motions to dismiss) and 56 (summary judgment). According to Abbas, a plaintiff in federal court need only state ... The motions were denied on the ground that the amendment “would amount to the commencement of a new proceeding and would not relate back in time so as to avoid the statutory provision * * * that suit be brought within sixty days * * *” Cohn v. Federal Security Adm., 199 F.Supp. 884, 885 (W.D.N.Y. 1961); see also Cunningham v. Sep 7, 2023 · Motion Credit Union checking accounts, also referred to as Share Draft Accounts, provide convenient access to your funds through debit cards, physical checks, and ATMs. Contact the credit union at (908) 862-6966. Checking Accounts (Share Draft) - Manage your daily finances with our convenient checking accounts. F ootball’s National League started last weekend, while my club Grimsby Town’s first game of the season was one of three in our league postponed due to Covid. …(a) Intervention of Right. On timely motion, the court must permit anyone to intervene who: (1) is given an unconditional right to intervene by a federal statute; or (2) claims an interest relating to the property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant's ability to …It endeavored then to amend the rules to permit, either by motion or by independent action, the granting of various kinds of relief from judgments which were permitted in the federal courts prior to the adoption of these rules, and the amendment concludes with a provision abolishing the use of bills of review and the other common law writs referred to, and requiring the practice to be by ...The time for making motions under Rules 50, 52, and 59, however, was later extended to 28 days, leaving an apparent gap between expiration of the automatic stay and any of those motions (or a Rule 60 motion) made more than 14 days after entry of judgment.(1) Time for a Motion. A defendant may move for a judgment of acquittal, or renew such a motion, within 14 days after a guilty verdict or after the court discharges the jury, whichever is later. (2) Ruling on the Motion. If the jury has returned a guilty verdict, the court may set aside the verdict and enter an acquittal. The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (Rule 6(c)) [28 U.S.C., Appendix], abolishes the term of court as a time limitation in respect to civil actions. The two rules together thus do away with the significance of the expiration of a term of court which has largely become an anachronism. Notes of Advisory Committee on Rules—1966 Amendment Motion Federal Credit Union, Linden, New Jersey. 140 likes · 2 talking about this · 14 were here. Moving Dreams Forward since 1934. We are the 14th oldest federally chartered credit union.See Rule 6 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Attached are two sets of forms for making a motion. The first set are sample illustration forms to refer to so you know how to fill out the blank notice of motion and affidavit/affirmation forms. If you have any questions, contact the Pro Se Office at (718) 613-2665.Rule 50(a) provides for a motion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) which may be made at any time before submission of the case to the jury. This was previously known as a motion for a directed verdict. ... Federal Practice and Procedure § 2529, at 300 (2d ed. 1995)). The analysis is the same in the trial court and on appeal.Object moved to here.Note on Conversion: Rule 12(d) Fed. R. Civ. P. says that the judge can convert a motion to dismiss into a Motion for Summary Judgment if he/she considers matters outside the pleadings. "Rule 12(b) is mandatory; consequently, if documents outside of the pleadings are placed before a district court, and not excluded, the court must convert the defendant's …Dec 1, 2023 · The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure supplant the Equity Rules since in general they cover the field now covered by the Equity Rules and the Conformity Act (former section 724 of this title). This table shows the Equity Rules to which references are made in the notes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 27. Motions. (a) In General. (1) Application for Relief. An application for an order or other relief is made by motion unless these rules prescribe another form. A motion must be in writing unless the court permits otherwise. (2) Contents of a Motion. (A) Grounds and Relief Sought. A motion must state with particularity the grounds for the ...Motion Federal Credit Union, Linden, New Jersey. 140 likes · 2 talking about this · 14 were here. Moving Dreams Forward since 1934. We are the 14th oldest federally chartered …Joining in a co-party’s brief or motion can be cost effective, but the careful litigator should make sure to explain to the court how the other party’s arguments apply to your client. Failure ... Access My Profile and select Cancel Service; or. Telephone us at: 844.775.9504 during Member Service hours; or, Write us at : Motion Federal Credit Union, P.O. Box 1160 Linden, NJ 07036. Any payment (s) the Service has already processed before the requested cancellation date will be completed by the Service. How to Join Motion; What's New at Motion; Money in Motion; Business Services; Investment Services; Borrow Money; Manage Your Money; Access Your Money; Cards …Contact Motion Federal Linden. Phone Number: (908) 862-6966. Report Phone Problem. Address: Motion Federal Credit Union Linden Business and Technology Center Branch 1900 E Linden Avenue Linden, NJ 07036. Website: Visit Website. Online Banking:Getty Images. GOP Rep. Marjorie Taylor Greene filed a motion to oust Mike Johnson from the speakership, amid anger about the government funding bill. "I filed the …An omnibus motion is an application by a defendant asking the court to examine a case from certain legal aspects. The intent is to ascertain whether or not some provisions of state...The resources in this Post-Judgment Motion Toolkit provide guidance on preparing, drafting, serving, and filing post-judgment motions in federal civil litigation, including: Motions for judgment as a matter of law under FRCP 50 (a). Renewed motions for judgment as a matter of law under FRCP 50 (b). Motions for a new trial under FRCP 59 (a).Download Motion Mobile Banking and enjoy it on your iPhone, iPad, and iPod touch. Access your accounts while in “Motion” anytime from your mobile device with the …Rule 50(a) provides for a motion for judgment as a matter of law (JMOL) which may be made at any time before submission of the case to the jury. This was previously known as a motion for a directed verdict. ... Federal Practice and Procedure § 2529, at 300 (2d ed. 1995)). The analysis is the same in the trial court and on appeal.Yes, you can wait to raise this until trial, post-trial or even appeal. Sometimes, that happens through inadvertence, negligence or honest mistake. The only legal limit on doing so intentionally may be your oath not to delay anyone for lucre or malice. But losing credibility with the court, in the short and long term, is another very real limit.Advertisement The whole purpose of a trial is to resolve disputes about the facts of your case. If neither party can dispute the facts, then a motion for summary judgement can be f...Your shares at Motion Federal Credit Union are insured by the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund (NCUSIF) or the Fund, an arm of NCUA up to $250,000. Established by Congress in 1970 to insure member share accounts at federally insured credit unions, the fund is managed by NCUA under the direction of the three-person NCUA Board.A report obtained during the federal investigation “provides the web history of the phone including the aforementioned Google search at 2:27 a.m. and a search for …Find solutions to all your shipping, drop off, pickup, and packaging needs at a FedEx location near you in United Kingdomto enquire online. Visit our locations page to. find your nearest clinic. MOTIONrehab is a multi-disciplinary neurological rehabilitation company providing services across the …[email protected]. For comments, complaints, suggestions or to inquire about general information, please send an email to the email address [email protected]. For comments, complaints, suggestions or to inquire about general information, please send an email to the email address above.Windows only: Got a webcam bundled with your last computer but don't know what to do with it? Turn it into a motion-sensing security camera with freeware application Yawcam. All yo... The defendant is still required to file motions under Rules 29, 33, and 34 within the seven-day period specified in those rules. The defendant, however, may consistently with Rule 45, seek an extension of time to file the underlying motion as long as the defendant does so within the seven-day period. But the court itself is not required to act ... Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction; without jurisdiction conferred by statute, they lack the power to adjudicate claims. 1 A motion to dismiss under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 12 (b) (1) challenges a federal court’s subject-matter jurisdiction. 2 Under Rule 12 (b) (1), “ [a] case is properly dismissed for lack of ...A motion under this rule may be joined with any other motion allowed by this rule. (2) Limitation on Further Motions. Except as provided in Rule 12(h)(2) or (3), a party that makes a motion under this rule must not make another motion under this rule raising a defense or objection that was available to the party but omitted from its earlier motion.The latest plan that triggered Greene's motion was approved by a vote of 286 to 134. It funds roughly three-quarters of the federal government through September.Rule 17. Subpoena. (a) Content. A subpoena must state the court's name and the title of the proceeding, include the seal of the court, and command the witness to attend and testify at the time and place the subpoena specifies. The clerk must issue a blank subpoena—signed and sealed—to the party requesting it, and that party must fill in the ...courts (the trial courts of the federal court system) and the major procedural and practical considerations counsel face during a lawsuit's early stages. It covers the steps from filing a complaint ... as a motion to dismiss, a motion for a more definite statement or a motion to strike (FRCP 12(b), (e) and (f)). After all of the pleadings See 4 Moore's Federal Practice 26.23 [8.1] (2d ed. 1966); 2A Barron & Holtzoff, Federal Practice and Procedure §652.2 (Wright ed. 1961). A complication is introduced by the use made by courts of the “good cause” requirement of Rule 34, as described above. Access My Profile and select Cancel Service; or. Telephone us at: 844.775.9504 during Member Service hours; or, Write us at : Motion Federal Credit Union, P.O. Box 1160 Linden, NJ 07036. Any payment (s) the Service has already processed before the requested cancellation date will be completed by the Service. 2023 Mazda MX-5 Miata Grand Touring Grand Touring 2dr Convertible 6MBest for starting price. $33,050. 2023 Chevrolet Camaro LT LT 2dr Convertible w/2LT. $34,900. 2023 Dodge Challenger R/T R/T 2dr Coupe. $40,805. 2023 Chevrolet Corvette Stingray Stingray 2dr Convertible w/2LT. $78,800.
These are pretrial motions. If granted, they may help your case. If denied, your attorney will know more of what to expect during trial and be able to strategize more effectively. Pretrial motions can steer the direction of the trial, but may have little effect, depending on the parties and judge involved.. Northwestern mutua
To be permitted to file a motion for summary judgment after the deadline set forth in Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56(a) or a court-ordered deadline, a party must make a formal motion. 8 Such motion must be brought pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 6(b)(1) (B) and requires a showing of excusable neglect under the Pioneer factors. 9 The excusable neglect inquiry must …A Franks motion is the legal document given to the judge that sets forth the defendant’s request for a hearing and the specific challenges that the defendant has. This type of hearing is typically conducted after a search and seizure have taken place. If the defense is successful at the hearing, then the judge will throw out (or suppress) all ...Debunking The Perpetual Motion Myth: What is zero-point energy? Keep reading to learn about perpetual motion and zero point energy. Advertisement Imagine an energy source that was ...In any case type that is subject to a filing fee under ORS 21.010, a $53.00 fee must be paid by the party filing any of the motions listed below. A $53.00 fee must also be paid by the party responding to the motion. (HB 2795) Motion to Dismiss filed by respondent; Motion to Determine Jurisdiction; Motion for Continuance1. a motion for entry of default, 2. an affidavit (or declaration) in support of the motion, 3. a proposed entry of default, and 4. a certificate of service. Step Two To obtain a default judgment, a party must electronically file: 1. a motion for default judgment, 2. an affidavit (or declaration) in support of the motion,Rule 17. Subpoena. (a) Content. A subpoena must state the court's name and the title of the proceeding, include the seal of the court, and command the witness to attend and testify at the time and place the subpoena specifies. The clerk must issue a blank subpoena—signed and sealed—to the party requesting it, and that party must fill in the ...(Excerpt) In all adversarial proceedings, litigants have a duty of full disclosure and honesty with the court. Typically, where a party obtains a judgment through fraudulent conduct, the only way to overturn that judgment is through a motion to vacate pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 60(b)(3). A final judgment can also be overturned by a …Need a motion graphics company in Kyiv? Read reviews & compare projects by leading motion graphics studios. Find a company today! Development Most Popular Emerging Tech Development... The adoption of Amendment 821 has direct implications for healthcare professionals entangled in federal criminal cases. With this amendment, the opportunity for federal sentence reduction is broadened, assuming that all eligibility criteria are met. The Commission is also actively reviewing and potentially amending how guidelines treat ... Rule 12(f) Motion to Strike. The court may strike from a pleading an insufficient defense or any redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter. The court may act: (1) on its own; or (2) on motion made by a party either before responding to the pleading or, if a response is not allowed, within 21 days after being served with the pleading. This is a technical amendment, using the broader language of Rule 25 of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure. The district court—and the bankruptcy court by virtue of a cross-reference in Bankruptcy Rule 7005—can, by local rule, permit filing not only by facsimile transmissions but also by other electronic means, subject to standards ... Riley Brennan. A federal judge in Massachusetts denied supermarket Stop & Shop’s motion to dismiss allegations that its cleansing wipes are deceptively advertised …Any affidavit supporting a motion must be served with the motion. Except as Rule 59 (c) provides otherwise, any opposing affidavit must be served at least 7 days before the hearing, unless the court permits service at another time. FRCP 6 (c) (2). See District of South Carolina SmartRules™ procedural guide: DECLARATIONS..