Reportedly, the Koch patriarch's namesake showed little interest in the family business, which was worth $80 million in 1960. Fred Jr. went on to become a patron of the arts. Source: " Dark Money ...Ed Koch and Koch Brothers are not related in any way, shape, or form. They are two distinct and separate branches of the Koch family tree, with no connection or affiliation. The myth that they are related is based on a superficial similarity of their names, which does not reflect their actual ancestry, history, or ideology.1. Oil Refinery Companies. Flint Hills Resources is a refining and chemicals company owned by the Koch Brothers that produces gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, as well as other products to keep the world moving. 2. Paper Goods Manufacturing. Georgia-Pacific deals with consumer products such as paper and pulp. 3. Electronic Components & …Koch Brothers lived on month day 2000, in address. Find family history information in a whole new way Create a free family tree for yourself or for Koch Brothers and we’ll search for valuable new information for you.Koch Brother Who Owned Phillips Mansion Dies. One of the Koch brothers, who had a connection to Butler, has died. Frederick Koch was a part of the family who made their name in the oil industry and became known for their financial support to the Republican Party. However, Frederick Koch opted to stay out of the limelight, and instead became ...Por qué los poderosos hermanos Koch, que ayudaron a Donald Trump a llegar a la Casa Blanca, ahora se enfrentan a él. Redacción ; BBC News Mundo; 6 junio 2018. Fuente de la imagen, Reuters/ CBS.When Congress finally began serious consideration of a carbon-control regime, the Koch brothers saw a mortal threat. Besides the thinktanks, university research institutes and industry trade ...Aug 23, 2010 · Jane Mayer on Charles and David Koch, the billionaire brothers who pour a great deal of money into Tea Party efforts that attack Obama and environmentalism. The Charles Koch Foundation works to ensure all people have the opportunity to live a life of meaning and contribution based on their unique gifts and aptitudes. We do this by investing in social entrepreneurs who can transform the institutions most responsible for lifelong learning, post-secondary education, and business, empowering people to ...The Charles Koch Foundation works to ensure all people have the opportunity to live a life of meaning and contribution based on their unique gifts and aptitudes. We do this by investing in social entrepreneurs who can transform the institutions most responsible for lifelong learning, post-secondary education, and business, empowering people to ...THE DEAL MARKS THE RETURN OF THE KOCH BROTHERS into national headlines after a prolonged period of relative reclusiveness. For most of the company’s history, secrecy is how the Kochs chose to run the company. The family-run corporation, which deals in the energy, chemical, and agriculture industries, resisted going public in …Welcome KOCH To Your Home. For more than 50 years KOCH has been one of the most highly-regarded tree care specialists on Long Island. Our professional arborists work hard to reduce unnecessary pesticide application, help extend the life of mature trees, control ticks and caterpillar pests with natural bio-pesticides and revitalize soil using safe bio …The political network created by the billionaire industrialist Koch brothers announced on Sunday that it was suspending its support for Nikki Haley in the presidential primary after her latest ...By Vaughn Hillyard and Summer Concepcion. The conservative donor network founded by billionaire brothers Charles and David Koch says it is wading into the 2024 Republican presidential primaries in ...Karl-Otto Koch (German:; 2 August 1897 – 5 April 1945) was a mid-ranking commander in the Schutzstaffel (SS) of Nazi Germany who was the first commandant of the Nazi concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen.From September 1941 until August 1942, he served as the first commandant of the Majdanek concentration camp in …The pair that would become known as the Koch brothers are in fact two of four - Frederick is the eldest, born in 1933, followed by Charles (1935) and twins Bill and David (1940). Their father Fred ...Charles de Ganahl Koch. Birthdate: November 01, 1935. Birthplace: Wichita, Kansas, United States. Immediate Family: Son of Fred Chase Koch and Mary …While most of the over $500,000 from the Koch Industries PAC donations have been directed towards Republican efforts in the 2022 election cycle, their influence is felt across various political spheres. Their contributions have helped shape policies and candidates that align with their conservative ideologies. Billionaire Charles Koch, who will ...The 25 richest American families, ranked. Jim Walton, John T. Walton, Rob Walton, and Helen Walton in 1997. Spencer Tirey/AP. The US may not have royals, but it does have family empires worth ...Aug 13, 2019 · The Koch brothers, Charles and David, are famous for the wealth they've amassed through Koch Industries - together they're worth more than $100 billion - and for creating a powerful political ... Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings.Koch Genealogy & History. Koch is a German occupational surname, literally meaning "cook"; however, the term was primarily used for those responsible for the dining of royal or noble families, or large organizations like monasteries. Later, it spread to mean someone who cooked for a village that is, someone who had a decent oven so people could ...May 23, 2018 · Charles de Ganahl Koch (/ˈkoʊk/; born November 1, 1935) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is co-owner, chairman of the board, and chief executive officer of Koch Industries. His brother David H. Koch also owns 42% of Koch Industries and serves as Executive Vice President. The brothers inherited the business from their father ... Jennifer dreams to become a wife and a mother too. Jennifer Lawrence was born in a family of Gary and Karen. The couple has already had 2 sons, and then they welcomed Jennifer, the first daughter. Gary earned his living as a construction contractor and her mother was a camp manager. Jennifer’s parents were attentive and caring, they … The surname koch was first found in bavaria, where. Charles and david koch, ages 78 and 74, are billionaire brothers who. Web Koch Brothers And Their Influence On American Politics. Web koch family history starts with burchart coch of zurich, noted in a roll in. The groundwork for the duo’s wealth was laid by. Web by karen corday / march 13 ... Jun 10, 2018 · The pair that would become known as the Koch brothers are in fact two of four - Frederick is the eldest, born in 1933, followed by Charles (1935) and twins Bill and David (1940). Their father Fred ... Mars family. The Mars family is an American family that owns the confectionery company Mars Inc. In 1988, the family was ranked as the richest family in the United States of America by Fortune magazine. It has since been surpassed by the Walton family and the Koch family, and was ranked as the third richest family in America in 2016.Koç Holding, Vehbi Koç Foundation. The Koç Family is a Turkish family of business people founded by Vehbi Koç, one of the wealthiest self-made people in Turkey. His grandsons, the third generation of the Koç family, today run Turkey's largest group of companies, Koç Holding, the only Turkish company on the Fortune Global 500 list. [1]The Koch Brothers Have Started a New Family Office to Quietly Invest Their Fortune. With interests ranging from oil to ranching, Charles Koch, 80, and David Koch, 75, are worth about $100 billion ...Are you interested in learning more about your family history? With a free family tree template, you can easily uncover the stories of your ancestors and learn more about your fami...By Jessica McBride. Updated Dec 5, 2023 at 12:15pm. Getty David Koch's family includes wife Julia Koch. David Koch, the conservative billionaire who has died, …It takes more than a can of paint and a brush or roller to paint the outside of your house. Find out about the right tools at HowStuffWorks. Advertisement A few years ago, my broth...Thankfully, two new books have arrived just in time: "Sons of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America’s Most Powerful and Private Dynasty" by Mother Jones senior editor Daniel Schulman and "Big Money: 2.5 Billion Dollars, One Suspicious Vehicle, and a Pimp—on the Trail of the Ultra-Rich Hijacking American Politics" by Kenneth Vogel, a ...Jan 5, 2023 · George was the only one of the four brothers still living in 1956, which saw him in charge of the estate of the youngest brother, Captain Harold Reginald Koch MC MiD, who had recently died in New Britain, Papua and New Guinea. George Hilfers Koch passed away on the 17th March 1962, in Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. Fred Koch, on one of his visits to Germany, is purportedly delayed for a trip on the Hindenburg blimp when the airship catastrophically exploded, according to Mayer, who noted this was family lore. 1938 Germany annexes Austria and part of Czechoslovakia. Under Hitler’s new laws, the assets of Jews can be seized and property confiscated.Koch employs more than 120,000 people worldwide, about 60,000 of those in the United States. Our businesses have a presence in about 60 countries across the globe. Get updates from Koch delivered right to your inbox.A "tragic family story": Inside the Koch brothers' past -- and uncertain future The libertarian billionaires are more complicated than you think, the author of a new family biography tells SalonThe Koch brothers don’t pocket all their profits. There are several charitable foundations associated with the family and they’ve given millions away to cancer research, the arts, and ...Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg. She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and ...Are you interested in tracing your family’s roots and creating a comprehensive family tree? Look no further, as we present to you a step-by-step guide on using a free family tree m...The Cato Institute is a key thinktank co-founded by the Kochs and supporting much of the brothers’ rightwing and libertarian agenda, including lowering or abolishing taxes and the privatization ...February 4, 2013. Age 88. Burial of Edward Irving Koch. Trinity Cemetery, West 155th Street, New York, New York, New York, United States. Genealogy Directory: Genealogy for Edward Irving Koch (1924 - 2013) family tree on Geni, with over 250 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.Chet Koch Obituary. Chet Koch passed away on November 26, 2019. He was born November 21, 1935, In Hillside, CO, to Helmuth and Esther (Cody) Koch and was the youngest of 10 children. He graduated from Custer County High School in Westcliffe, CO, in 1953. On January 14, 1955, he enlisted in the Navy, proudly serving his country …Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch. The German physician and bacteriologist Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (1843-1910) devised many bacteriological techniques and established the bacterial causes of a number of infectious diseases. Robert Koch was born at Clausthal, Hanover, on Dec. 11, 1843, the third of a family of 13.Genealogy is the study of family history, tracing the lineage of ancestors and discovering more about their lives. With the help of online resources, it has become easier than ever... Early History of the Koch family. This web page shows only a small excerpt of our Koch research. Another 296 words (21 lines of text) covering the years 1544, 1552, 1637, 1688, 1694, 1738, 1747, 1748, 1769, 1815 and 1852 are included under the topic Early Koch History in all our PDF Extended History products and printed products wherever possible. Are you looking to start building your family tree, but don’t know where to begin? It can be a daunting task to try and track down all of your ancestors, but with the right tools i...Tracing your family tree can be a fun and rewarding experience. It can help you learn more about your ancestors and even uncover new family connections. But it can also be expensiv...Mars family. The Mars family is an American family that owns the confectionery company Mars Inc. In 1988, the family was ranked as the richest family in the United States of America by Fortune magazine. It has since been surpassed by the Walton family and the Koch family, and was ranked as the third richest family in America in 2016.Koch Industries generates an estimated $115 billion in annual revenue through a half dozen notable subsidies that are focused on energy, agriculture, and consumer goods. Sticking to its original ... The history begins with George Koch, the founder of George Koch Sons, Inc. George was born the fourth son of five to Phillip and Anna Margaretha Koch of Albig, Germany. The Koch family set sail from their German home to come to America in 1843. Their plan was to reunite with family members in Evansville, Indiana. Young George was always in ... Koch network. Charles G. (born 1935) and David H. Koch (1940–2019), sometimes referred to as the Koch brothers, [1] have become famous for their financial and political influence in United States politics with a libertarian, more specifically, right-libertarian or American-style libertarian political stance. From around 2004 to 2019, [2] with ... Jenkins (877,555) Reynolds (875,576) Cole (868,010) Coleman (867,827) Graham (857,823) West (833,338) Research and build your family tree for free right now! Search billions of genealogy records and discover your past. We're 100% free for everything! Koch Industries has helped the Koch family build a fortune of $107 billion. ... Brothers Charles and the late David Koch expanded their father's oil-refinery firm into the conglomerate, which ...Fred Chase Koch (/ˈkoʊk/; September 23, 1900 – November 17, 1967) was an American chemical engineer and entrepreneur who founded the oil refinery firm that …KELLY: So I want to drill down on the Koch brothers' side of this story. Just remind us what we need to know about them, who they are, where their money comes from. MAYER: They were, for many ...Fred Chase Koch (/ k oʊ k / KOHK; September 23, 1900 – November 17, 1967) was an American chemical engineer and entrepreneur who founded the oil refinery firm that later …Charles and David Koch have gained notoriety for leveraging their immense wealth to influence political activities. Ranked as the third wealthiest family in both the United States and the world, following the Walton and Mars families, the Kochs are synonymous with Koch Industries and are often viewed as representatives of the one …The Cato Institute is a key thinktank co-founded by the Kochs and supporting much of the brothers’ rightwing and libertarian agenda, including lowering or abolishing taxes and the privatization ...Koch Brother Who Owned Phillips Mansion Dies. One of the Koch brothers, who had a connection to Butler, has died. Frederick Koch was a part of the family who made their name in the oil industry and became known for their financial support to the Republican Party. However, Frederick Koch opted to stay out of the limelight, and …Koch wants to acquire the public land in a trade for other property he owns in Colorado and Utah. KEBLER PASS —There’s a new town in Colorado. It has about 50 buildings, including a saloon, a ...Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg. [4] She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842 ...June 19, 2018. NASHVILLE, Tenn. — A team of political activists huddled at a Hardee’s one rainy Saturday, wolfing down a breakfast of biscuits and gravy. Then they descended on Antioch, a ...Heinrich Hermann Robert Koch (11 December 1843 – 27 May 1910) was a German physician. He became famous for isolating Bacillus anthracis (1877), the Tuberculosis bacillus (1882) and Vibrio cholerae (1883) and for his development of Koch's postulates. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905 for his tuberculosis findings.WikiTree is a community of genealogists — including 121 Koch genealogists and amateur family historians — dedicated to growing an accurate collaborative family tree that's …The second-largest privately held company in the US, with $110 billion in revenue in 2018, it has more than a dozen subsidiaries involved in finance and commodities trading, the production of ...Aug 4, 2016 · Evidently CBS thought so; the family is rumored to be the basis for the Ewings, the fictional Texas oil dynasty of Dallas fame. Sitting at the top of the family tree was H.L. Hunt, a man who allegedly purchased his first oil field with poker winnings and made a fortune drilling in east Texas. H.L. was a well-known oddball to boot, and his sons ... When Congress finally began serious consideration of a carbon-control regime, the Koch brothers saw a mortal threat. Besides the thinktanks, university research institutes and industry trade ...1. Oil Refinery Companies. Flint Hills Resources is a refining and chemicals company owned by the Koch Brothers that produces gasoline, diesel, jet fuel, as well as other products to keep the world moving. 2. Paper Goods Manufacturing. Georgia-Pacific deals with consumer products such as paper and pulp. 3. Electronic Components & …Are you curious about your family history? Do you want to learn more about your ancestors and their stories? With a free family tree chart maker, you can easily uncover your ancest...Pipes for gas and oil. McPherson, Kansas. An hour from Wichita lies Invista, the fiber and polymer company Koch bought in 2004 and which alone employs ten thousand people in more than twenty ...Are you interested in tracing your family history and creating a beautiful family tree? Look no further. With the help of a free family tree maker template, you can easily organize...Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg. She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and ...Mr. Koch’s $65 million gift to the Metropolitan Museum of Art underwrote the redesign of its outdoor entrance area, now called David H. Koch Plaza. The two-year renovation, completed in 2012 ...The political network created by the billionaire industrialist Koch brothers announced on Sunday that it was suspending its support for Nikki Haley in the presidential primary after her latest ...Are you interested in tracing your family’s roots and creating a comprehensive family tree? Look no further, as we present to you a step-by-step guide on using a free family tree m...George W. Bush (son). Born: He was born in 1946.. Career: He was elected governor of Texas in 1994 and U.S. president in 2000, serving two terms in the White House.He also is a former managing ...Lots of American industrialists have skeletons in the family closet. Charles and David Koch, however, are in a league of their own. Charles Koch is 'disappointed' in 2016 Republicans – but will ...Near midnight on June 4, 1983, the finalized agreement sat before Charles and Bill in the large conference room of Liman’s law firm. Koch would buy out the group for $1.1 billion, of which Bill ...Last month, citing ailing health, David Koch announced he was retiring from Koch Industries. This leaves his 82-year-old brother Charles in charge of an unrivaled political and industrial empire. According to Investopedia, the Kochs are the second richest family in America. David and Charles Koch, with a combined net worth of more than …Evidently CBS thought so; the family is rumored to be the basis for the Ewings, the fictional Texas oil dynasty of Dallas fame. Sitting at the top of the family tree was H.L. Hunt, a man who allegedly purchased his first oil field with poker winnings and made a fortune drilling in east Texas. H.L. was a well-known oddball to boot, and his …Jan 28, 2015 · A: Charles and David Koch, ages 78 and 74, are billionaire brothers who helped create a broad network of nonprofit groups that control hundreds of millions of dollars flowing into politics ... The Koch brothers founded Americans for Prosperity in 2004, now one of the most influential conservative political organizations. It counts more than 700 wealthy donors in its ranks and has ...THE DEAL MARKS THE RETURN OF THE KOCH BROTHERS into national headlines after a prolonged period of relative reclusiveness. For most of the company’s history, secrecy is how the Kochs chose to run the company. The family-run corporation, which deals in the energy, chemical, and agriculture industries, resisted going public in …First Generation. 1. Albert EINSTEIN was born on 14 March 1879 in Ulm, Wurttemberg, Germany, to Hermann EINSTEIN and Pauline KOCH. On 6 January 1903 he married his first wife, Mileva MARIC in Berne, Switzerland, with whom he had three children: Lieserl (born out of wedlock in Jan 1902); Hans Albert (born 14 May 1904) and Eduard (born 28 July ...The Koch brothers were two of the richest men in the world, with net worths of $58.7 billion each, according to Bloomberg. Their fortunes came from their 42% stakes in the Koch family business, ...Thankfully, two new books have arrived just in time: "Sons of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America’s Most Powerful and Private Dynasty" by Mother Jones senior editor Daniel Schulman and "Big Money: 2.5 Billion Dollars, One Suspicious Vehicle, and a Pimp—on the Trail of the Ultra-Rich Hijacking American Politics" by Kenneth Vogel, a ...Phelan M. Ebenhack/AP. Brothers Charles and David Koch are the subject of the new book Sons of Wichita: How the Koch Brothers Became America's Most Powerful and Private Dynasty. The author, Daniel ...A 2018 Politico article reported that David Koch’s children were all under age 25. 4. David Koch’s Dad, Fred Koch, Thought David Would Become an Engineer & His Mother Was Involved in the Arts ...While most of the over $500,000 from the Koch Industries PAC donations have been directed towards Republican efforts in the 2022 election cycle, their influence is felt across various political spheres. Their contributions have helped shape policies and candidates that align with their conservative ideologies. Billionaire Charles Koch, who will ...
The Koch dynasty (/ k ɒ tʃ /; 1515–1949) ruled parts of eastern Indian subcontinent in present-day Assam and Bengal. Biswa Singha established power in the erstwhile Kamata Kingdom which had emerged from the decaying Kamarupa Kingdom. The dynasty came to power by removing the Baro-Bhuyans, who had earlier removed the short-lived rule …. Rosemary church age
Aug 23, 2019 · The Cato Institute is a key thinktank co-founded by the Kochs and supporting much of the brothers’ rightwing and libertarian agenda, including lowering or abolishing taxes and the privatization ... Ms. Mayer begins with Fred Koch, the family patriarch. “Oddly enough,” she writes, “the fiercely libertarian Koch family owed part of its fortune to two of history’s most infamous ...February 4, 2013. Age 88. Burial of Edward Irving Koch. Trinity Cemetery, West 155th Street, New York, New York, New York, United States. Genealogy Directory: Genealogy for Edward Irving Koch (1924 - 2013) family tree on Geni, with over 250 million profiles of ancestors and living relatives.Fred Chase Koch (/ k oʊ k / KOHK; September 23, 1900 – November 17, 1967) was an American chemical engineer and entrepreneur who founded the oil refinery firm that later became Koch Industries, a privately held company which—under the principal ownership and leadership of Koch's sons Charles and David—would be listed by Forbes as the second-largest privately held company in the United ...Mr. Koch’s $65 million gift to the Metropolitan Museum of Art underwrote the redesign of its outdoor entrance area, now called David H. Koch Plaza. The two-year renovation, completed in 2012 ...When Congress finally began serious consideration of a carbon-control regime, the Koch brothers saw a mortal threat. Besides the thinktanks, university research institutes and industry trade ...Pauline Einstein (née Koch) (8 February 1858 – 20 February 1920) was the mother of the physicist Albert Einstein. She was born in Cannstatt, Kingdom of Württemberg. She was Jewish and had an older sister, Fanny, and two older brothers, Jacob and Caesar. Her parents were Julius Doerzbacher, who had adopted the family name Koch in 1842, and ...Biography. Birth: Rudolph Herbert KOCH, born on 31 August 1895 in Petersburg, South Australia, father Johann Heinrich KOCH, mother Auguste Ernstine …Aug 23, 2019 · CNN —. The death of David Koch on Friday – and the broader retreat he and his brother made from politics since the 2016 election – brings an end (if not the end) to one of the most ... Welcome KOCH To Your Home. For more than 50 years KOCH has been one of the most highly-regarded tree care specialists on Long Island. Our professional arborists work hard to reduce unnecessary pesticide application, help extend the life of mature trees, control ticks and caterpillar pests with natural bio-pesticides and revitalize soil using safe bio-stimulants.The history begins with George Koch, the founder of George Koch Sons, Inc. George was born the fourth son of five to Phillip and Anna Margaretha Koch of Albig, Germany. The Koch family set sail from their German home to come to America in 1843. Their plan was to reunite with family members in Evansville, Indiana. Young George was always in ...Genealogy is the study of family history, tracing the lineage of ancestors and discovering more about their lives. With the help of online resources, it has become easier than ever...While most of the over $500,000 from the Koch Industries PAC donations have been directed towards Republican efforts in the 2022 election cycle, their influence is felt across various political spheres. Their contributions have helped shape policies and candidates that align with their conservative ideologies. Billionaire Charles Koch, who will ...Fred Koch, on one of his visits to Germany, is purportedly delayed for a trip on the Hindenburg blimp when the airship catastrophically exploded, according to Mayer, who noted this was family lore. 1938 Germany annexes Austria and part of Czechoslovakia. Under Hitler’s new laws, the assets of Jews can be seized and property confiscated.The Koch family is an American family engaged in business, best known for their political activities and their control of Koch Industries, the 2nd largest privately owned company in the United States (with 2019 revenues of $115 billion). The family business was started by Fred C. Koch, who developed a new … See moreThe Koch brothers are not Jewish. They are descended from William Ingraham Kip, a Protestant missionary who traveled to California in 1853 and was elected California’s first Episco...This video shows you How to Pronounce Koch Brothers, pronunciation guide.Learn MORE CONFUSING NAMES/WORDS: …Karl-Otto Koch (German:; 2 August 1897 – 5 April 1945) was a mid-ranking commander in the Schutzstaffel (SS) of Nazi Germany who was the first commandant of the Nazi concentration camps at Buchenwald and Sachsenhausen.From September 1941 until August 1942, he served as the first commandant of the Majdanek concentration camp in …The Koch brothers don’t pocket all their profits. There are several charitable foundations associated with the family and they’ve given millions away to cancer research, the arts, and ...Aug 15, 1990 · Jennifer Shrader Lawrence was born on August 15, 1990, in Indian Hills, Kentucky, to Gary, a construction worker, and Karen (née Koch), a summer camp manager. She has two older brothers, Ben and Blaine, and her mother brought her up to be "tough" like them. Lawrence's mother did not allow her to play with other girls in preschool as she deemed her "too rough" with them. The actress was ... .